Large-Language Models as a Cognitive Virus

“The distinction is not between using and not using AI, but between forms of coupling that extend human competence and those that replace the cognitive operations through which competence is maintained.”

p. 8

“These findings reinforce the distinction between AI as scaffolding and AI as substitution.”

p. 9

Large-Language Models as a Cognitive Virus

Ricard Solé et al. · arXiv · September 3, 2026

Figure 1 · CC BY-NC-SA 4.0